Amy VanScoy
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Including the Voices of Librarians of Color
in Reference and Information Services Research


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Thank you!

Thank you to ALA for sponsoring this research with an ALA Diversity Research Grant.

And thank you to our participants for sharing their experiences with us!


Meet the PIs

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Amy VanScoy is an assistant professor at the University of Buffalo. She is interested in professional work in library and information sciences.



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Kawanna Bright is a doctoral candidate in Research Methods and Statistics at the University of Denver. She is interested in assessment and information literacy in libraries.

Both PIs were previously librarians, working in reference services and management, and both have been interested in diversity issues throughout their careers.

Presentations on the project

Kawanna presented about the project at the Diversity Research Update at ALA Midwinter.

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We'd love to hear from you!

We are happy to answer questions about the study, send you copies of the papers mentioned on this page, or send you occasional updates about the study. Just use the form below to let us know what you're interested in.

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Publications from the project

The main findings from the project are the themes of experience for the eight librarians of color who participated. You can read about these themes in our paper (feel free to use the form at the bottom of the page to request a copy.

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VanScoy, A. & Bright K. (2017). Including the voices of librarians of color in reference and information services research. Reference & User Services Quarterly, 57 (2) 104-114.


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One of the themes, uniqueness and difference, required a full paper of its own to discuss fully: 


​VanScoy, A. & Bright, K. (2019). Articulating the experience of “uniqueness and difference” for librarians of color. Library Quarterly, 89(4), 285-297.





​The project's findings suggest that further study is needed about the influence of perceived similarity in background between librarian and user, a concept called racial/ethnic matching in other disciplines. We make a case for such further research in our short paper:

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VanScoy, A. & Bright, K. (2016). Racial/ethnic matching in information intermediation. In Proceedings of ISIC, the Information Behaviour Conference, Zadar, Croatia, 20-23 September, 2016: Part 1, Information Research, 21(4).




Why do we need this research?



We are interested in understanding reference and information service (RIS) from the practitioner perspective -- understanding the thoughts and feelings that motivate what professionals do.

Study of the practitioner perspective must include a diverse group of professionals in order to develop an inclusive understanding of RIS. However, professionals representing diverse ethnic groups can be difficult to access because they represent a minority of professionals and because they may be located in cities distant from researchers.

This project aims to study the experience of providing RIS from the perspective of librarians of color. in this way, our new understanding of RIS will include many perspectives.

What method are you using?

We are using a qualitative research method called interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) to study the experience of RIS for the participants in our study. This method identifies themes that are fundamental to the experience under study, but also preserves the experience of the individual participant.

You can read more about how IPA is being used for research in library and information science in a paper Amy wrote with Solveig Evenstad. (Use the form at the bottom of this page to request a copy of the paper.)


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VanScoy, A & Evenstad, S. B. (2015). Interpretative phenomenological analysis for LIS research. Journal of Documentation, 35(4), 272-278.


Other people using IPA in LIS research are Kiersten Latham at Kent State University, and Rachael Clemens at University of North Carolina.

The definitive text on this method is Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis by Jonathan Smith.

What is RIS from the practitioner perspective?

Most RIS research focuses on observable behaviors, but we are focusing on the professional thinking, values and decision-making that motivate these behaviors.

In a previous study of the experiences of librarians in academic research libraries, Amy identified five key themes:
  • importance of the user
  • variety and uncertainty
  • fully engaged practice
  • emotional connection
  • identity as a reference professional

You can read more about these themes in Amy's paper. (Use the contact form to request a copy of the paper.)

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VanScoy, A. (2013) Fully engaged practice and emotional connection: Aspects of the practitioner experience of reference and information service. Library & Information Science Research, 35(4), 272-278.

Currently, Amy is studying the experience of RIS for professionals in other library environments.

If this kind of research interests you, you may want to read Jenny Bronstein's paper The Role and Work Perceptions of Academic Reference Librarians: A Qualitative Study and Jenny Bossaller and Sean Burn's paper Communication Overload: A Phenomenological Inquiry into Academic Reference Librarianship.